Sabtu, 23 Mei 2009

posmodernisme

POSMODERNISME

Eddy Suranta Sembiring

Istilah Posmodernisme
Posmodernisme akhir-akhir ini menjadi istilah yang merasuki seluruh bidang kehidupan: seni, arsitek, seks, dll. (Bisa disearching di internet berapa entry yang muncul). Pertanyaannya, bagaimana kita memahami posmodernisme?
Catatan pertama. Bambang Sugiharto mengatakan bahwa istilah posmodernisme sangat ambigu dan tidak jelas seperti istilah modernisme. Mengapa istilah posmodernisme tidak jelas? Karena posmodernisme dipakai untuk memfasilitasi aliran filsafat yang tidak ada pengikatnya satu sama lain (bdk. Buku Hardiman: empirisme, rasionalisme, romasntisisme, dsb.). banyak aliran dipayungi modernisme padahal aliran ini tidak berhubungan satu sama lain. Banyak unsur filosofis yang tidak berkaitan. Posmodernisme pun mengalami hal yang sama. Posmodernisme juga memayungi banyak aliran filsafat bahkan seni, arsitek,dsb.
Catatan kedua, dari etimologi. Post dan isme ditambah pada kata modern. Pos bukan dimaksud sebagai indikasi kronologis atau periode setelah modernisme, melainkan memiliki arti bermacam-macam. Pertama, ada yang mengatakan kata pos di depan modernisme menandakan suatu kritk atas modernisme, teapi pengkritik ini pun masih hidup dalam ranah modernisme: mengambil jarak terhadap premis modernisme. Kedua, ada juga yang mengatakan bahwa kata pos di depan modernisme merupakan indikasi bahwa modernisme mencapai tahap yang matang. Kata isme juga membingungkan karena isme dipakai untuk kata tunggal padahal posmodernisme dipakai untuk memayungi premis-premis filsafat modern. Kata isme juga tidak begitu jelas. Menurut Bambang, isme adalah kritik-kritik filosofis atas gambaran dunia, epistemologi dan ideologi modern.
Lalu apa itu posmodernisme? Pemikiran-pemikiran filosofis dan segala bentuk refleksi kritis atas paradigma-paradigma modern dan atas metafisika pada umumnya. Karena posmodernisme adalah kritik atas modern maka para filsuf tidak mau disebut filsuf posmodernisme. Mereka tidak mau disebut membawa aliran baru filsafat. Habermasa, Foucoult dan Derrida tidak mau disebut kaum posmodernis.

Konteks Posmodernisme: Metanarasi
Istilah posmodernisme digunakan pertama kali dalam bidang seni, lalu sejarah (lihat, Bambang). Dalam dunia filsafat, istilah ini dikibarkan oleh Francois Lyotard lewat bukunya, The Postmodern Condition: a Report on Knowledge. Dunia modern (filsafat modern) itu melegitimasi pengetahuan-pengetahuan manusia dengan metanarasi (narasi besar), developmentalisme, dan rasionalitas. Narasi besar adalah suatu desain yang komprehensif yang menjurus pada totalitarianisme dan menekankan konformitas yang menguasai segala bentuk pengetahuan, misalnya agama.
Contoh pertama, agama. Agama pernah menjadi suatu bentuk/gerakan yang mengusai manusia. Contoh, apa itu pengetahuan yang benar? Bagaimana etika? Agama menjadi referensi pengetahuan dan etika. Agama menjadi semacam rumah, di mana dinamika manusiadipengaruhi agama. Lalu ada semacam prinsip-prinsip universal, menuntun manusia menyatu pada arus besar. Gejala sosial, pembaruan yang tidak sesuai dengan agama dianggap alienasi dan menyimpang. Agama ini juga didukung pemikiran modern.
Contoh kedua, nasionalisme. Nasionalisme di Indonesia pernah menjadi metanarasi. Pengetahuan. Politik, ekonomi, dan budaya harus merujuk pada nasionalisme. Bentuk-bentuk yang tidak sesuai dengan nasionalisme dianggap menyimpang. Contoh ketiga, rasionalitas. Semua yang tidak rasional tidak punya kebenaran. Inilah yang disebut metanarasi.
Menurut Lyotard, metanarasi ini menyembunyikan realitas-realitas yang tidak mampu direpresentasikan, misalnya rasionalisme. Tidak semua realitas bisa direpresentasikan rasionalitas. Inilah yang hilang. Tugas filsafat posmodernisme adalah mengais realitas yang tidak mampu direpresentasikan filsafat modern.
Contoh, Heidegger dengan Lebenswelf. Dengan rasinalisme dan empirisme realitas dunia berhasil dibuka. Heidegger dan Husserl menemukan konsep leibenswlf yakni dunia-dunia yang masih perawan, yang belum tersentuh. Dengan konsep ini, kategori filosofis modern hanya abstraksi sehingga apa yang kita pahami sebagai dunia hanya abstraksi. Modernisme yang mengklaim telah menemukan realitas dunia terjebak oleh konsepnya karena mereka tidak memahami kehidupan yang mengalir.




Para posmodernis bergulat terus dengan bahasa. Intelligibilitas dari realitas tidak bisa tuntas hanya melalui rasionalitas, tetapi peran bahasa menjadi sangat penting untuk mengais sudut kehidupan real yang tidak bisa dicakup prinsip empirisme, rasionalisme dan positivisme (modernisme). Derrida, misalnya, membongkar istilah-istilah itu, misalnya agama itu apa? Semua adalah konstruksi sosial, tidak ada nature. Semua adalah pertanyaan bahasa, pertanyaan pemaknaan.
Seorang posmodernis yang konsekuen itu tidak memproduksi sesuatu. Ia seperti anjing yang menggonggong, mengomeli modernisme. Lyotard bahkan mendefinisikan posmodernisme sebagai pre modern dalam arti posmodernisme itu kelahiran kembali gairah-gairah berfilsafat sebelum dipatenkan dalam filsafat modern. Bagi lyotard posmodernisme itu adalah dinamika.

Akibat Modernisme: 6 Unsur
Dengan mendekonstruksi metanarasi posmodernisme mencoba menyingkap apa yang tidak tersentuh metanarasi. Orang jadi terbuka terhadap pluralitas. Realitas itu bisa ditangkap secara berbeda. Mengapa penolakan terhadap metanarasi begitu luas? Situasi apa yang mendominasi modernisme? Ada 6 unsur yang dikembangbiakkan modernitas.
1. Pandangan dualistik yang membagi kenyataan menjadi dua: subjek-objek. Alam diobjektivasi.
2. Pandangan modern yang objektivistis dan positivistis. Tidak hanya dunia, tetapi manusia juga dijadikan objek. Manusia dan masyarakat dijadikan mesin.
3. Kecenderungan modern menjadikan ilmu positif dan empiris sebagai kebenaran tertinggi, sedangkan dimensi moral, religiositas dipinggirkan.
4. Lahirnya materialisme. Segala sesuatu direduksi menjadi materi. Materialisme tidak hanya ontologis tetapi juga praktis. Materialisme praktis karena dalam pikiran yang penting adalah materi maka dalam hidup orang hanya mengejar materi.
5. Militerisme. Karena masyarakat sudah tidak berpijak pada nilai-nilai tetapi pada materi maka bagaimana mengikat masyarakat itu? Jawabnya adalah militerisme.
6. Tribalisme. Kamp Auschwitz adalah tempat kemenangan modernitas tetapi juga akhir modernitas. Modernitas tidak mampu menjawab persoalan lalu terjadi pembantaian.

Puncak (mahkota) modernitas adalah dehumanisasi (pembunuhan manusia atas manusia). Umumnya ada 2 aliran posmodernisme yaitu dekonstruksi dan konstruksi (revisionis). Aliran dekonstruksi ingin membongkatr kembali bangunan filsafat.

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